Endourology refers to a specific specialty area in urology in which small internal endoscopes and instrumentation are used to see into the urinary tract and perform surgery. It has lately grown to include all urologic minimally invasive surgical procedures. As opposed to open surgery, endourology is performed using small cameras and instruments inserted into the urinary tract. Transurethral surgery has been the cornerstone of endourology. Most of the urinary tract can be reached via the urethra, enabling prostate surgery, surgery of tumors of the urothelium, stone surgery, and simple urethral and ureteral procedures. Recently, the addition of laparoscopy and robotics has further subdivided this branch of urology.

Endourological procedures include:

1. Urethroscopy: used to treat strictures or blockages of the urethra.
2. Cystoscopy: used to treat bladder stones and tumors LASER bladder surgery.
3. Ureteroscopy: used to treat stones and tumors of the ureter.
4. Nephroscopy: used to treat kidney stones and tumors of the kidney lining.
5. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) using LASER or Electrocautery
6. Transurethral resection of the bladder tumor (TURBT)
7. Stones treatment: stones in the kidney, bladder and ureters can be dealt with in several different ways. Sound waves can be utilized in a procedure called extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL). Small stones can be removed using a scope called a ureteroscope.  Disintegration of stones involves the administration of shock waves that are generated by a machine called a lithotriptor.